How do I install a printer?

1. Go to Start > Printers and Faxes.Now you can see the list of printers which are installed on your PC.
   

2. Double-click on the icon 'Add Printer'.

3. Click on 'Next'
   

5. The option "A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer" is automatically checked.
6. Click on 'Next' and you will see following window:You have three possibilities to add a printer:
   
   • Find a printer in the directory
   • Connect to this printer
   • Connect to a printer on the Internet or ... (greyed out)
7. Choose the first option
   
8. If you know the name or location of the printer, fill it in and press 'Find Now'.
   (This limits the number of matches).
   If you do not know the name and/or location, leave all fields blank and press 'Find Now'.
9. Select the correct printer and press 'OK'.
10. Choose whether you want to install the printer as default printer or not and press 'Next'.

How to Install RAM

 If your computer slows down when you're working with large files or many programs at once, you might be able to improve performance by installing extra RAM (Random Access Memory - your computer's temporary operating memory). These instructions will work for the majority of machines built in the mid 1990s and later.

Instructions

1. • 1
     Determine what kind of RAM you need, and whether your computer has enough open slots to hold it. The new RAM should match the existing RAM's specifications and configuration.
     
   • 2
     Shut down the computer and leave it plugged into the surge suppressor.
     
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   • 3

     

     Disconnect all peripheral devices, such as the monitor, from the computer.
     
   • 4

     

     Remove the computer cover.
     
   • 5
     Ground yourself to the computer with professional grounding equipment like an anti-static wristband or hold a metal part of the chassis.
     
   • 6
     Remove any cards or internal components necessary to give yourself unobstructed access to RAM sockets.
     
   • 7

     

     Pick up your SIMM (single in-line memory module) or DIMM (dual in-line memory module) by the ends without touching pins or chips.
     
   • 8

     

     If adding a SIMM, find the notched end and turn the SIMM so that it is parallel to the existing RAM card(s). Insert the SIMM into the socket at a 30-degree angle. If adding a DIMM, insert the DIMM straight in so that it is perpendicular to the motherboard.
     
   • 9
     Use slight pressure to keep a SIMM from backing out while rotating the module to an upright position perpendicular to the motherboard.
     
   • 10
     Make sure the small holes on each side of a SIMM fit into holders.
     
   • 11

     

     Feel or hear retaining clips lock a SIMM into the socket; close the side clips on a DIMM.
     
   • 12
     Gently try to pull the module out to ensure it is locked in position.
     
   • 13
     Replace all internal components.
     
   • 14
     Leave the cover off and reconnect the monitor, keyboard and mouse.
     
   • 15
     Turn on the computer.
     
   • 16
     Check the amount of RAM by right-clicking the My Computer icon in Windows and choosing Properties. On a Mac, use the About this Macintosh command in the Apple menu.
     
   • 17
     If you don't see the right amount of RAM, turn off the computer and try "reseating" the SIMM or DIMM (take it out and put is back in) and reboot. If that doesn't work, call a technician.
     
   • 18
     Shut down the computer and disconnect the peripherals again.
     
   • 19

     

     Replace the cover and reconnect all the peripherals.
     

Computer Safety Procedures

 The idea of computer safety goes way beyond making sure your firewall is up when you are surfing the Internet. Each aspect of using a computer from how you sit to how you care for your computer has safety procedures that should be followed. Some can help you and your health, and others are designed to help you keep your computer in good working order for the long term.

 

1. Ergomonics

   • According to the University of Western Australia, ergonomics is the process of developing work habits that will not damage your joints, your eyes or anything else involved in using your computer. To reduce glare on the computer screen and stress on your eyes, keep the light source for your computer area at a 45-degree angle from your eyes. Your elbows should be even with the trunk of your body and your forearms should be at the same level as your keyboard when you are typing. Your computer screen should be just below your eye level so that you can easily look over the monitor every 15 minutes or so to reduce wear on your eyes. Get up and stretch at least once every hour while working on a computer.
     

   Internet Usage

   • Never surf the Internet without anti-virus software running in the background, and keep your anti-virus software updated at all times. Do not click on attachments to emails from people you do not know, and do not click on links in emails that ask you to confirm your log-in information. Only do online transactions with secure websites. Determine which websites are secure because the secure websites start with https as opposed to the standard http. Avoid clicking on free-offer banners on websites, and close your Internet browser when you are not using it.
     

   Maintenance

   • Clean your screen only with products specifically marked to clean your kind of computer screen. Wipe down your computer at least once a month to remove an possible dust buildup, and use cans of compressed air once a month to blow dust and debris out of the various vents on your computer. Perform hard-drive maintenance at least once a month, including the defragmenting and disc-scanning functions. Perform a removable media backup of your personal data and important files at least once a week.
     

Week 5

Connections

A term used describe the physical location of where another peripheral is connected to the computer. For example, your monitor, mouse, and keyboard all must connect to a computer before they will be able to work. Below is a picture of the back of a standard desktop computer and each of its connections. Although your desktop computer's layout may be different, this diagram will give you a better understanding of where everything connects.

Below are related dictionary definitions for each of the connections shown above and some related terms. Clicking on each of the below links will allow you to get more information about these connections as well as related information.

Types of external connections

• AT
• Composite
• DVI
• eSATA
• Firewire (IEEE-1394)
• HDMI
• MIDI
• Modem (RJ-11 aka telephone)
• Network (RJ-45)
• PS/2 port
• RCA
• S-Video
• S/PDIF
• SCSI
• Serial port (RS-232)
• Sound Card (sound out or line out, sound in or line in, Microphone, and MIDI(Joystick))
• Parallel port
• USB
• VGA/SVGA

Internal connections

• ATA
• Expansion slots
• IDE/EIDE
• SATA
• SCSI

Other uses of this term

Connecting - Term used to describe the process of connecting a wire or other device to the computer.

Connections - Term used to describe the available connections on the computer.

Connector - Description of the end of the cable that connects to the computer. Centronics, DB, and DIN are good examples of types of connectors.

Connect, connected, and connecting - This term can also be used in software, for example, when a user gets onto the Internet they are connecting to another computer to establish a connection.

We have so far the are of hardware and cloncluded that hardware is something  that we can see and touch.


In this week we will look at softwares and types of software.


Q1- What is software?
Computer software or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it

Q2-What is operating system software?
 An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer hardware  resources and provide common services for application software. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system

Q3- What is application software
Application software, also known as an application or an "app", is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enter prizse , accounting softwares , office suites, graphic software  and media players..

Q4- Can you install application softwares before system softwares and why?
No because system softwares are controling application softwares

Q5- Name four operating system softwares? 

System 7.x
Windows 98

Linux
Windows Ce 

Q6- Name ten application softwares?
 Adobe Photoshop
Adobe FireWorks
Adobe Flash
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Exel
Microsoft Publisher
Front Page
GIMP
MS Paint
FireFox

Q7- What is a shareware application? 
Shareware software is distributed at low (or sometimes no) cost, but usually requires payment and registration for full legal use. Copies are distributed on a trial basis. You are free to test the software, see if it matches your needs, and decide whether it's a good value. Order forms or advertisements included in the program or on the distribution disk usually tell you how to register the program and what fee is required. Registered users of a shareware program will typically receive a printed manual, an updated copy of the software, often with additional features, and the legal right to use the program in their home or business. 


Q8- What is freeware application?
Freeware is distributed at minimal cost, but in this case the authors do not expect payment for their work. Typically, freeware programs are small utilities or incomplete programs that authors release for their potential benefit to others, but without support. The author of a freeware program may still retain a copyright on its contents and stipulate that others not modify the program or charge significant fees for its use or distribution.

Q9- What is the diffrent between a shareware and and a freeware application? 
 "Freeware" generally means the software is available at no charge. Freeware is not necessarily in the public domain; the author may choose to give it away for free but wish to retain copyright... to prevent it from being sold by a third party, for example, or to insist that modified copies cannot be distributed because the author wants to retain some kind of quality control.

Q10- What is public domain software?
Public domain software is software that has been placed in the public domain, in other words there is absolutely no ownership (such as copyright) of the intellectual property that the software represents.

Q11- What is commercial software?

Commercial software, or less commonly, payware, is computer software that is produced for sale or that serves commercial purposes.
Commercial software is most often proprietary software, but free software packages may also be commercial software.

Q12- What is the diffrent between commercial software and public software? 
Commerical softwares is produced for sale and public softwares are the ones without copyright. 

1.What is Ram and what is its function? 

RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can be quickly reached by the computer's processor. RAM is much faster to read from and write to than the other kinds of storage in a computer, the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM. However, the data in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. When you turn the computer off, RAM loses its data. When you turn your computer on again, your operating system and other files are once again loaded into RAM, usually from your hard disc .RAM can be compared to a person's short-term memory and the hard disk to the long-term memory. The short-term memory focuses on work at hand, but can only keep so many facts in view at one time. If short-term memory fills up, your brain sometimes is able to refresh it from facts stored in long-term memory. A computer also works this way. If RAM fills up, the processor needs to continually go to the hard disk to overlay old data in RAM withnew, slowing down the computer's operation. Unlike the hard disk which can become completely full of data so that it won't accept any more, RAM never runs out of memory. It keeps operating, but much more slowly than you may want it to.

2 There are many different types of RAM. Provide a definition and a graphic of each of the RAM types listed below.

SRAM

SRAM (static RAM) is random access memory (RAM) that retains data bits in its memory as long as power is being supplied. Unlike dynamic RAM (DRAM), which stores bits in cells consisting of a capacitor and a transistor, SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed. Static RAM provides faster access to data and is more expensive than DRAM. SRAM is used for a computer's cache memory  and as part of the access memory digital-to-analog converter on a video card.






                                                       DRAM


Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a type of random-access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. The capacitor can be either charged or discharged; these two states are taken to represent the two values of a bit, conventionally called 0 and 1. Since capacitors leak charge, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh requirement, it is a dynamic memory as opposed to SRAM and other static memory.


                                                      FPM DRAM 
 Prior to newer forms of dynamic random access memory (DRAM), FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM) was the most common kind of DRAM in personal computers. Page mode DRAM essentially accesses a row of RAM without having to continually respecify the row. A row access strobe (RAS) signal is kept active while the column access strobe(CAS) signal changes to read a sequence of contiguous memory cells. This reduces access time and lowers power requirements. Clock timings for FPM DRAM are typically 6-3-3-3 (meaning 3 clock cycles for access setup, and 3 clock cycles for the first and each of three successive accesses based on the initial setup).